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Rankings – Top 1. Graduate GIS Programs. In each of the past 2 years I have produced rankings for the top graduate geography programs in the U. S. You can see my 2. NRC- based rankings and my 2. This year I don’t see a compelling reason to revisit geography department rankings, so I suppose that means I’m satisfied with the 2. New rankings are now available! Bachelor of Science in the School of Engineering. Departments within the School of Engineering offer programs leading to the B.S. The mission of the Stanford Graduate School of Business is to create ideas that deepen and advance the understanding of management, and with these ideas, develop innovative, principled, and insightful leaders who change the world. Stanford Interdisciplinary. A culture of collaboration drives innovative discoveries in areas vital to our world, our health and our intellectual life. Check out my 2. 01. Top Graduate Programs for Spatial Careers! This year I’ve decided to produce a set of rankings for students interested specifically in GIS- related graduate studies. Note that these rankings are meant to highlight outstanding GIS programs within geography departments. So, while there may be other graduate programs that produce outstanding GIS- practitioners, scientists, programmers, etc I have focused on programs that are led and taught by academic geographers. All of the programs listed below would likely provide a top- notch education in most elements of GIS but I’ve grouped and ranked programs by their primary area of expertise/focus. Who doesn’t deserve to be here? What else did I do wrong? The Center for Design Research (CDR) is a community of scholars focused on understanding and augmenting engineering design innovation practice and education. We are dedicated to facilitating individual creativity. The degree requirements for the Master of Business Administration degree are 40 credits without a career focused concentration, or 46 credits with a career focused concentration. Students with a BBA degree and a major in. Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology; Kay Lab; King Research and Education Institute (Martin Luther King, Jr.) Korean Graduate Student Association at Stanford; KZSU Radio, 90.1 FM. Learn together with engaging online courses, corporate training programs, and leadership development modules on NovoEd\'s social learning platform. But you also learn more about what they want and what their preferences are. You’re using this process of generating ideas, taking them back to your users, and getting feedback from them as a way to define your understanding. In 1885, Jane and Leland Stanford founded Stanford University in memory of their only son, Leland Stanford, Jr., who died the previous year of typhoid fever at the age of 15. President Henry Hoover met his wife, Lou. I want my readers to hear alternative and opposing views so let me have it in the comments below. Served by bus; major airports serve San Francisco and San Jose; train serves Palo Alto. Stanford University. Serra Mall. Stanford, CA 9. The master’s program in Engineering currently offers the following areas of concentration: Biomedical Engineering; Civil Engineering; Electrical and Computer Engineering; Energy Engineering; Engineering Management.
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Book Review: Biological warfare . New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1. Jonathan B. Tucker. During the past five years, concern that outlaw states and terrorists could resort to biological warfare (BW) against U. S. In response, an increasing number of books on the topic have appeared, ranging from sober academic treatises to science fiction thrillers. A recent addition is The Biology of Doom, a popular history of the U. S. Drawing on recently declassified documents, The Biology of Doom illuminates the personalities and events that led to the U.
S. Ultimately, these weapons were never used and were eliminated at the order of President Richard Nixon in the early 1. Although the book sheds new light on the U. S. In 1. 93. 2, Shiro Ishii, a physician in the Imperial Japanese Army, sought to turn disease- causing microbes into effective weapons by making their lethal or incapacitating effects more predictable and controllable. He persuaded his superiors to establish a top secret production facility called Unit 7. Manchuria, where he mass- produced a variety of lethal bacteria, tested them in cruel experiments on prisoners and Chinese villagers, and developed novel delivery systems such as porcelain bombs. In field experiments in 1. Tests with anthrax and other pathogens are hampered by a lack of safe enclosures. The \'Statement on Chemical and Biological Defense Policies and Programs\' was a speech delivered on November 25, 1969, by U.S. President Richard Nixon. In the speech, Nixon announced the end of the U.S. The Soviet Biological Weapons Program and Its Legacy in Today’s Russia By Raymond A. Japanese aircraft dropped plague- infected fleas on Chinese towns and villages, triggering outbreaks of the disease. Other countries also pursued biological weapons, including both microbial agents and toxins (nonliving poisons produced by living organisms). German scientists launched a BW research program in the early 1. Hitler’s lack of enthusiasm kept it a minor effort that never produced a practical weapon. Nevertheless, fears of a German biological attack drove the British to establish their own offensive program in 1. Canada entered the BW field in 1. United States followed suit in 1. The Biology of Doom discusses all of these programs, yet it ignores the contemporaneous work on offensive BW in France and the Soviet Union. Although the French effort was inconclusive, the Soviet program, begun in 1. The Biology of Doom focuses mainly on the U. S. BW program, which began during World War II at Camp (later Fort) Detrick, an Army airfield in Frederick, Maryland. In spring 1. 94. 4, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill asked the U. S. To meet this request, the United States constructed a huge anthrax production plant near Terre Haute, Indiana, that was still gearing up when the war ended in 1. During the postwar years, the U. S. Regis recounts the appalling story of how U. S. In 1. 95. 3, the United States constructed a fermentation plant at Pine Bluff Arsenal in Arkansas for the wartime production of brucellosis bacteria, which cause an incapacitating illness. In a few cases, nonlethal agents were tested in human volunteers. Drawing on recently declassified documents, Regis describes several BW field trials in colorful detail, giving a sense of their vast scale and extravagance. In 1. 96. 4, for example, the United States conducted Operation Shady Grove, a series of 2. Pacific Ocean. For each test, a spray tank mounted on a Skyhawk attack bomber released an aerosol cloud of infectious bacteria. The cloud was carried along by a steady breeze, exposing caged rhesus monkeys on five light tugboats arrayed in a line up to 1. In the largest test of the series, a 3. The Biology of Doom also sheds new light on the CIA’s acquisition of a BW arsenal for covert operations, although it remains unclear whether the weapons were ever successfully used. By the late 1. 96. U. S. Army had acquired a BW stockpile consisting of two lethal microbial agents (anthrax and tularemia bacteria), three incapacitating microbial agents (brucellosis bacteria, Q fever rickettsiae, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus), one lethal toxin (botulinum), and one incapacitating toxin (Staphylococcus enterotoxin B). Large volumes of these agents were manufactured and poured into cluster bomblets, spray tanks, and assorted other munitions, which were stored at Pine Bluff Arsenal in refrigerated bunkers and vans. Yet just when the U. S. In a speech on November 2. I have decided that the United States of America will renounce the use of any form of deadly biological weapons that either kill or incapacitate.” In February 1. Over the next three years, the United States destroyed its entire BW stockpile, although research and development on defenses against biological attack was allowed to continue. Explaining the U. S. The stated rationales–that biological weapons were “unpredictable, and potentially uncontrollable” and could “produce global epidemics and impair the health of future generations”–were demonstrably false. In fact, extensive field trials had demonstrated that the behavior of microbial and toxin agents was fairly predictable under a wide range of atmospheric and environmental conditions. Moreover, the specter of global plagues was a red herring, because all the agents in the U. S. Yet in that case, a chemical, not a biological, agent was responsible. More plausible is the suggestion that U. S. Thus, although the secret U. S. In 1. 96. 9, the United States was under intense criticism at home and abroad for its combat use of toxic herbicides (Agent Orange) and tear gas. By publicly renouncing the offensive BW program, Nixon may have sought to deflect criticism of his Vietnam policy while retaining the option to modernize the U. S. Whatever the underlying motivation, Nixon’s unilateral renunciation of the offensive BW program led to the rapid negotiation of the 1. Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BWC), the first international treaty to ban an entire category of weapons of mass destruction. Regis contends that because some parties to the BWC (including the Soviet Union) continued their offensive programs in violation of the treaty, Nixon’s decision was naive and “one of the grandest failures in recent political history.” This judgment is excessively harsh. Although the Soviet violation of the BWC was egregious, it is likely that many more states would have pursued the BW option had the United States not delegitimated these weapons by ending its own offensive efforts. The mystery of nonuse. The Biology of Doom also examines the “great mystery” of why biological weapons have never been used in warfare, at least on a large scale. For example, the argument that biological weapons have not been employed because they could boomerang against the attacker does not apply to long- range delivery with bombers or ballistic missiles. Similarly, the claim that BW agents are too susceptible to the vagaries of wind and weather to be effective is refuted by the extensive use in World War I of chemical weapons, which are equally dependent on atmospheric conditions. Regis also rejects the normative argument that biological weapons are uniquely repugnant. He points out that dying of an infectious disease is no more painful, and probably less so, than being killed by a bullet, a conventional bomb, or nuclear radiation. Indeed, he goes so far as to claim that biological weapons are less morally objectionable than other methods of warfare because they are more “natural,” exploiting a means of killing that nature regularly employs. Regis concludes that although biological weapons are efficient killers, they have never been used in warfare because they are “exceedingly poor weapons.” According to his hypothesis, the fact that disease agents are silent, invisible, and slow- acting deprives them of the key attribute of an effective military weapon: “an immediate visual display of overwhelming power and brute strength” sufficient to “force the adversary to surrender and submit.” Although provocative, this argument fails to persuade. It is equally plausible that the insidious nature of biological weapons makes them even more terrifying and demoralizing to an enemy. Indeed, veterans of the 1. Persian Gulf War have reported that the omnipresent threat of an Iraqi BW attack was one of the most stressful aspects of their combat experience. The silent, delayed effects of germ weapons also make them well suited to covert operations and sabotage. It is therefore possible that biological agents have already been used in war but that the resulting epidemic was assessed incorrectly to be of natural origin. I believe that one of the factors Regis rejects–the visceral sense that biological weapons are morally repugnant–has indeed played a key role in the reluctance of countries to use them. Throughout military history, toxic weapons have been viewed as “unchivalrous,” and efforts to outlaw them date back to the Middle Ages. This longstanding taboo appears to be rooted in an innate human aversion to poisons and disease, as well as the fact that such weapons are indiscriminate and are more effective at killing civilians than soldiers. One reason why Regis discounts the moral dimension may be his reluctance to view U. S. BW scientists, or their collective enterprise, as evil. Several times in The Biology of Doom, he becomes an apologist for the former bioweaponeers he interviewed at length, saying that they are “as kindly and gentle a group as you could hope to find anywhere.” In becoming too close to his sources, Regis may have lost his critical distance and begun to view the past through their self- justifying eyes. Another weakness of The Biology of Doom is that in aiming to reach a popular audience, Regis provides little documentary evidence to back up his narrative. Although he claims to have drawn on more than 2,0. U. S. Regrettably, this lack of documentation limits the historical value of the book’s striking new revelations. Jonathan B. Tucker is the 1. Robert Wesson Fellow in Scientific Philosophy and Public Policy at the Hoover Institution, Stanford University.
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Title: Vector Models For Data Parallel Computing By Guy E Blelloch Subject: Vector Models For Data Parallel Computing By Guy E Blelloch Keywords: Download or Read Online vector models for data parallel computing by guy e. Vector-models-for-data-parallel-computing-artificial-intelligence.9780262023139.53097.pdf Download Vector Models for Data-Parallel Computing Ebook FreeRead Book PDF Online Here http:// Vector Models for Data-Parallel Computing Ebook Free. Vector Models for Data-Parallel Computing by Guy Blelloch Publisher. PDF) Tweet: More Sites. Parallel computing models pdf Parallel Programming Models and Paradigms. Programming models present an.Vector Models for Data-Parallel Computing. Scan-based Data Parallel Languages. For some fun examples, see 5.5 of vector models for data-parallel computing. Vector Models for Data-Parallel Computing (PDF). In computing, a vector processor or array processor is a. Vector processors can greatly improve. The History of the Development of Parallel Computing (from 1955 to 1993). Parallel Computing George Karypis Dense. Each processor needs to have the portion of the x vector. Partitioning the intermediate data. Data parallelism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Sequential vs. Data Parallel job execution. Data parallelism is a form of parallelization across multiple processors in parallel computing environments. It focuses on distributing the data across different nodes, which operate on the data in parallel. It can be applied on regular data structures like arrays and matrices by working on each element in parallel. It contrasts to task parallelism as another form of parallelism. A data parallel job on an array of \'n\' elements can be divided equally among all the processors. Let us assume we want to sum all the elements of the given array and the time for a single addition operation is Ta time units. In the case of sequential execution, the time taken by the process will be n*Ta time units as it sums up all the elements of an array. On the other hand, if we execute this job as a data parallel job on 4 processors the time taken would reduce to (n/4)*Ta + Merging overhead time units. Parallel execution results in a speedup of 4 over sequential execution. One important thing to note is that the locality of data references plays an important part in evaluating the performance of a data parallel programming model. Locality of data depends on the memory accesses performed by the program as well as the size of the cache. History. Solomon machine, also called a vector processor wanted to expedite the math performance by working on a large data array(operating on multiple data in consecutive time steps). Concurrency of data was also exploited by operating on multiple data points at the same time using a single instruction. These generation of processors were called Array Processors. In some situations, a single execution thread controls operations on all pieces of data. In others, different threads control the operation, but they execute the same code. For instance, consider matrix multiplication and addition in a sequential manner as discussed in the example. Example. The pseudo- code for multiplication calculates the dot product of two matrices A, B and stores the result into the output matrix C. If the following programs were executed sequentially, the time taken to calculate the result would be of the O(n. Parallelization of the matrix multiplication code is achieved by using Open. MP. An Open. MP directive, . For multiplication, we can divide matrix A and B into blocks along rows and columns respectively. This allows us to calculate every element in matrix C individually thereby making the task parallel. Keeping the execution time low is the priority but as the matrix size increases, we are faced with other constraints like complexity of such a system and its associated costs. Therefore, constraining the number of processors in the system, we can still apply the same principle and divide the data into bigger chunks to calculate the product of two matrices. Since the two processors work in parallel, the job of performing array addition would take one half the time of performing the same operation in serial using one CPU alone. The program expressed in pseudocode below. Most real programs fall somewhere on a continuum between task parallelism and data parallelism. Steps to parallelization. This is called Mixed data and task parallelism. Mixed parallelism requires sophisticated scheduling algorithms and software support. It is the best kind of parallelism when communication is slow and number of processors is large. Mixed data and task parallelism has many applications. It is particularly used in the following applications: Mixed data and task parallelism finds applications in the global climate modeling. Large data parallel computations are performed by creating grids of data representing earth. The data is divided among different sub- circuits and parallelism is achieved with orchestration from the tasks. Data parallel programming environments. It defines the semantics of library functions to allow users to write portable message passing programs in C, C++ and Fortran. Open Multi Processing. Sciences imply data parallelism for simulating models like molecular dynamics. Driving forces in signal processing for data parallelism are video encoding, image and graphics processing, wireless communications . Fundamentals of Parallel Architecture. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ISBN 9. 78- 1- 4. Journal of Computational Physics. IEEE Transactions on Computers.
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